采用C语言编写的PID控制例程

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  • 开发工具:C
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Ziegler-Nichols方法PID参数整定

  在闭环控制系统中,增加积分控制增加了系统的稳态误差精度,由于不断累计误差,能使误差迅速消除,但能使系统产生超调;而在系统中增加微分控制,能够增加系统的阻尼,提高动态响应速度,由于PID控制器能够补偿绝大多数的控制系统,整定方法简单,鲁棒性好,因此是目前应用最广泛的控制器....


这是从网上找来的一个比较典型的PID处理程序,在使用单片机作为控制cpu时,请稍作简化,具体的PID
参数必须由具体对象通过实验确定。由于单片机的处理速度和ram资源的限制,一般不采用浮点数运算,
而将所有参数全部用整数,运算到最后再除以一个2的N次方数据(相当于移位),作类似定点数运算,可
大大提高运算速度,根据控制精度的不同要求,当精度要求很高时,注意保留移位引起的“余数”,做好余
数补偿。这个程序只是一般常用pid算法的基本架构,没有包含输入输出处理部分。
=====================================================================================================*/
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/*====================================================================================================
    PID Function
    
    The PID (比例、积分、微分) function is used in mainly
    control applications. PIDCalc performs one iteration of the PID
    algorithm.

    While the PID function works, main is just a dummy program showing
    a typical usage.
=====================================================================================================*/

.........




     #include <stdio.h>
     #include<math.h>
  
  struct _pid {
   int pv; /*integer that contains the process value*/
   int sp; /*integer that contains the set point*/
   float integral;
   float pgain;
   float igain;
   float dgain;
   int deadband;
   int last_error;
  };
  
  struct _pid warm,*pid;
  int process_point, set_point,dead_band;
  float p_gain, i_gain, d_gain, integral_val,new_integ;;
  
  
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pid_init
  
  DESCRIPTION This function initializes the pointers in the _pid structure
  to the process variable and the setpoint. *pv and *sp are
  integer pointers.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  void pid_init(struct _pid *warm, int process_point, int set_point)
  {
   struct _pid *pid;
  
   pid = warm;
   pid->pv = process_point;
   pid->sp = set_point;
  }
  
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pid_tune
  
  DESCRIPTION Sets the proportional gain (p_gain), integral gain (i_gain),
  derivitive gain (d_gain), and the dead band (dead_band) of
  a pid control structure _pid.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
  void pid_tune(struct _pid *pid, float p_gain, float i_gain, float d_gain, int dead_band)
  {
   pid->pgain = p_gain;
   pid->igain = i_gain;
   pid->dgain = d_gain;
   pid->deadband = dead_band;
   pid->integral= integral_val;
   pid->last_error=0;
  }
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pid_setinteg
  
  DESCRIPTION Set a new value for the integral term of the pid equation.
  This is useful for setting the initial output of the
  pid controller at start up.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  void pid_setinteg(struct _pid *pid,float new_integ)
  {
   pid->integral = new_integ;
   pid->last_error = 0;
  }
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pid_bumpless
  
  DESCRIPTION Bumpless transfer algorithim. When suddenly changing
  setpoints, or when restarting the PID equation after an
  extended pause, the derivative of the equation can cause
  a bump in the controller output. This function will help
  smooth out that bump. The process value in *pv should
  be the updated just before this function is used.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  void pid_bumpless(struct _pid *pid)
  {
  
   pid->last_error = (pid->sp)-(pid->pv);
  
  }
  
  /*------------------------------------------------------------------------
  pid_calc
  
  DESCRIPTION Performs PID calculations for the _pid structure *a. This function uses the positional form of the pid equation, and incorporates an integral windup prevention algorithim. Rectangular integration is used, so this function must be repeated on a consistent time basis for accurate control.
  
  RETURN VALUE The new output value for the pid loop.
  
  USAGE #include "control.h"*/
  
  
  float pid_calc(struct _pid *pid)
  {
   int err;
   float pterm, dterm, result, ferror;
  
   err = (pid->sp) - (pid->pv);
   if (abs(err) > pid->deadband)
   {
   ferror = (float) err; /*do integer to float conversion only once*/
   pterm = pid->pgain * ferror;
   if (pterm > 100 || pterm < -100)
   {
   pid->integral = 0.0;
   }
   else
   {
   pid->integral = pid->igain * ferror;
   if (pid->integral > 100.0)
   {
   pid->integral = 100.0;
   }
   else if (pid->integral < 0.0) pid->integral = 0.0;
   }
   dterm = ((float)(err - pid->last_error)) * pid->dgain;
   result = pterm pid->integral dterm;
   }
   else result = pid->integral;
   pid->last_error = err;
   return (result);
  }
  
  
  void main(void)
  {
   float display_value;
   int count=0;
  
   pid = &warm;
  
  // printf("Enter the values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
  // scanf("%d%d%f%f%f", &process_point, &set_point, &p_gain, &i_gain, &d_gain);
  
  
  
   process_point = 30;
   set_point = 40;
   p_gain = (float)(5.2);
   i_gain = (float)(0.77);
   d_gain = (float)(0.18);
  
  
  
   dead_band = 2;
   integral_val =(float)(0.01);
  
  
   printf("The values of Process point, Set point, P gain, I gain, D gain \n");
   printf(" m m O O O\n", process_point, set_point, p_gain, i_gain, d_gain);
  
   printf("Enter the values of Process point\n");
  
   while(count<=20)
   {
  
  
  
   scanf("%d",&process_point);
  
   pid_init(&warm, process_point, set_point);
   pid_tune(&warm, p_gain,i_gain,d_gain,dead_band);
   pid_setinteg(&warm,0.0); //pid_setinteg(&warm,30.0);
  
   //Get input value for process point
   pid_bumpless(&warm);
  
   // how to display output
   display_value = pid_calc(&warm);
   printf("%f\n", display_value);
   //printf("\n%f%f%f%f",warm.pv,warm.sp,warm.igain,warm.dgain);
   count ;
  
   }
  
  }





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